The problem of infertility is not only a social problem; it is also becoming a health concern for many couples and individuals even in developing countries. It is generally regarded as the inability to become pregnant after one year of unprotected coitus although this is context dependent and may vary in relation to age and conditions of individuals. Infertility has a number of causes, such as hormonal problems, medical diseases, genetic factors, lifestyle and environmental causes.
Infertility can be broken down into two sub classifications
Primary Infertility: This is applicable to couples who have tried child bearing but have not been able to bear a child so far.
Secondary Infertility: This individual or couple has conceived a child at some point in the past, but can no longer do so.
Causes
Infertility can come from the problems of either man or woman:
Female Factors: Several conditions including: polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, hydrosalpinx, or disorders of ovulation can pose a threat to fertility. Age is a contributing factor since the fertility of most females starts to diminish at the age of 35 years.
Male Factors: In male infertility, low sperm count, inactive sperm and abnormal sperm shape, all contribute to the male factor infertility. The involvement of hormones, the presence or absence of medical conditions and life activities (such as smoking and drinking alcohol in excess) are other reasons.
Diagnosis
When a couple presents with infertility, a work-up for infertility is carried out which consists of the following tests:
Medical History and Physical Examination: This includes evaluation of both partners’ health histories and examinations.
Hormonal Testing: Determination of hormone levels through blood tests.
Imaging Tests: Assessment of reproductive organs through ultrasound or hysterosalpingography.
Semen Analysis: Evaluation of specimen collection, assessment of the amount and quality of the sperm sample.
Treatment Options
Fertility treatment depends on the root causes of the problem and may involve the following:
Changes in Lifestyle: Control of weight, cessation of smoking, moderation of alcohol intake, and management of stress can be helpful in restoring fertility levels.
Pharmaceutical Agents: Treatment with hormones could aim at promoting or regulating ovulation, or other purposes.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART): In vitro fertilization (IVF) and intrauterine insemination (IUI) are common treatments for infertility in couples.
Surgery: Corrective surgery may be indicated in certain structural problems affecting fertility.
Emotional Impact
Infertility is usually very taxing for individuals and couples, causing them to experience grief, anxiety, loneliness among other emotions. Support groups, counseling, and communication with partners can alleviate these problems to a great extent.
Conclusion
There are numerous factors associated with infertility and therefore it cannot be easy to diagnose or even treat. There is always science that makes it possible for some couples with problems in getting pregnant to have hope. Yet the emotional support and care throughout the process is deeply appreciated as well.
